The Measurement of Performance Valence: An Examination of Construct-Related Evidence

Abstract

Garland′s (1985) summated valence measure is an indirect measure of goals, not an improved operationalization of the valence construct, as demonstrated in this paper. In Study 1, a meta-analysis showed that Garland′s measure of valence correlated negatively with both personal goals and performance while all other measures of valence correlated positively with personal goals and performance. In Study 2, a protocol analysis showed that the majority of subjects estimated valence based upon a comparison between personal goals and possible future performance levels. In addition, subjects′ use of second level outcomes in making ratings sharply decreased across items, indicating the performance valence measure wasn′t eliciting the information necessary to calculate valence according to Vroom′s (1964) definition. Evidence from both the meta-analysis and the protocol analysis support the assertion that Garland′s measure of performance valence is best conceptualized as an indirect measure of goals.