An investigation of the moral reasoning of managers

Journal of Business Ethics · 1993 · Volume 12 · Issue 11

Abstract

Barnett, J. H. and M. J. Karson: 1987, ‘Personal Values and Business Decisions: An Exploratory Investigation’,Journal of Business Ethics6, 371–382.Google ScholarBerscheid, E., W. Graziano, T. C. Monson and M. Dermer: 1976, ‘Outcome Dependency: Attention, Attribution, and Attraction’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology34, 978–989.Google ScholarBird, F. and J. A. Waters: 1987, ‘The Nature of Managerial Moral Standards’,Journal of Business Ethics6, 1–13.Google ScholarBlasi, A.: 1980, ‘Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature’,Psychological Bulletin, 1–45.Blass, T.: 1984, ‘Social Psychology and Personality: Toward a Convergence’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology47, 1013–1027.Google ScholarBlatt, M. and L. Kohlberg: 1975, ‘The Effects of Classroom Moral Discussion Upon Childrens' Level of Moral Development’,Journal of Moral Education4(2), 129–161.Google ScholarBriggs, S. R., J. M. Check and A. H. Buss: 1980, ‘An Analysis of the Self-monitoring Scale’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology38, 679–686.Google ScholarBriggs, S. R. and J. M. Cheek: 1986, ‘The Role of Factor Analysis in the Development and Evaluation of Personality Scales’,Journal of Personality54, 106–148.Google ScholarBommer, M., C. Gratto, J. Gravander and M. Tuttle: 1987, ‘A Behavioral Model of Unethical Decision Making’,Journal of Business Ethics6, 265–280.Google ScholarCalas, M. and L. Smircich: Nov. 1990, Predicando la Moral en Calzoncillos? Feminist Inquiries into Business Ethics. Paper presented at theRuffin Lectures in Business Ethics, University of Virginia.Carroll, A.: 1978, ‘Linking Business Ethics to Behavior in Organizations’,SAM Advanced Management Journal43, 4–11.Google ScholarCheek, J. M. and M. Busch: 1982, Self-monitoring and the Inner-outer Metaphor: Principled Versus Pragmatic Self? Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association.Coder, R: 1975, Moral Judgment in Adults. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.Davis, L.: 1987, Cultural Differences in Moral Reasoning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.Davison, M. L.: 1982,Multidimensional Scaling(McGraw Hill, New York).Google ScholarDavison, M. L.: 1979, ‘The Internal Structure and the Psychometric Properties of the Defining Issues Test’, in J. R. Rest (ed.),Development in Judging Moral Issues(University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis).Google ScholarDavison, M. L. and S. Robbins: 1978, ‘The Reliability and Validity of Objective Indices of Moral Development’,Applied Psychological Measurement2(3), 391–403.Google ScholarDerry, R.: 1987, ‘Moral Reasoning in Work-Related Conflicts’, in W. C. Frederick (ed.),Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Vol. 9 (IAI Press, Greenwich Conn.), pp. 24–49.Google ScholarDukerich, J. M., M. L. Nichols, D. R. Elm and D. Vollrath: 1990, ‘Moral Reasoning in Groups: Leaders Make a Difference’,Human Relations43(5), 473–493.Google ScholarEysenck, M. J. and S. B. G. Eysenck: 1975,Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(Hodder & Stoughton, Kent).Google ScholarForsyth, D. R.: 1980, ‘A Taxonomy of Ethical Ideologies’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology39, 175–184.ArticleGoogle ScholarFritzche, D. J. and H. Becker: 1984, ‘Linking Management Behavior to Ethical Philosophy — an Empirical Investigation’,Academy of Management Journal27, 166–175.Google ScholarGangestad, S. and M. Synder: 1985, ‘To Carve Nature at Its Joints: On the Existence of Discrete Classes in Personality’,Psychological Review92, 317–349.Google ScholarGilligan, C.: 1982,In A Different Voice(Harvard University Press, Cambridge).Google ScholarGlick, W. H.: 1985, ‘Conceptualizing and Measuring Organizational and Psychological Climate’,Academy of Management Review10, 601–616.Google ScholarGlick, W. H.: 1988, ‘Response: Organizations Are Not Central Tendencies: Shadowboxing In The Dark, Round Two’,Academy of Management Review13(1), 133–137.Google ScholarGregory, A.: 1990, ‘Are Women Different and Why Are Women Thought to be Different? Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives’,Journal of Business Ethics9, 257–266.Google ScholarGutkin, D. C. and J. Suls: 1979, ‘The Relation between the Ethics of Personal Conscience: Social Responsibility and Principled Moral Reasoning’,Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 433–441.Harris, J. R.: 1990, ‘Ethical Values of Individuals at Different Levels in the Organizational Hierarchy of a Single Firm’,Journal of Business Ethics9, 471–950.Google ScholarHegarty, W. H. and H. P. Sims, Jr.: 1978, ‘Some Determinants of Unethical Decision Behavior: An Experiment’,Journal of Applied Psychology63, 451–457.ArticleGoogle ScholarHegarty, W. H. and H. P. Sims, Jr.: 1979, ‘Organizational Philosophy, Policies and Objectives Related to Unethical Decision Behavior: A Laboratory Experiment’,Journal of Applied Psychology64, 331–338.ArticleGoogle ScholarHiggins, A., C. Power and L. Kohlberg: 1984, ‘The Relationship of Moral Atmosphere to Judgments of Responsibility’, in W. Kurtines and J. Gerwirtz (eds.),Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development(Wiley, New York).Google ScholarIckes, W. and R. D. Barnes: 1977, ‘The Role of Self and Self-Monitoring in Unstructured Dyadic Interactions’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology35, 315–330.Google ScholarJackall, R.: 1988,Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers(Oxford University Press, New York).Google ScholarJames, L. R., W. F. Joyce and J. W. Slocum, Jr.: 1988, ‘Comment: Organizations Do Not Cognize’,Academy of Management Review13, 129–132.Google ScholarJones, E. E. and R. Baumeister: 1986, ‘The Self Monitor Looks at the Ingratiator’,Journal of Personality44, 654–674.Google ScholarJones, G. R.: 1983, ‘Psychological Orientation and the Process of Organizational Socialization: The Interactionist Perspective’,Academy of Management Review, 464–473.Kanter, R. M.: 1977,Men and Women of the Corporation(Basic Books, New York).Google ScholarKohlberg, L.: 1969, ‘Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization’, in D. Goslin (ed.),Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research(Rand McNally, Chicago).Google ScholarKohlberg L.: 1973,Collected Papers on Moral Development and Moral Education(Laboratory of Human Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA).Google ScholarKohlberg, L.: 1976, ‘Moral Stages and Moralization’, in T. Lickona (ed.),Moral Development and Behavior(Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York).Google ScholarKohlberg, L.: 1984, ‘Essays in Moral Development’,The Psychology of Moral Development, Vol. II. (Harper & Row, New York).Google ScholarKurtines, W. and E. B. Greif: 1974, ‘The Development of Moral Thought: Review and Evaluation of Kohlberg's Approach’,Psychological Bulletin81, 453–470.Google ScholarLennox, R. and R. Wolfe: 1984, ‘Revision of the Self-Monitoring Scale’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology46, 1349–1364.Google ScholarLewis-Beck, M. J.: 1980,Applied Regression(Sage Series, New York).Google ScholarLippa, R.: 1976, ‘Expressive Control and the Leakage of Dispostional Introversion-extraversion During Role-played Teaching’,Journal of Personality44541–559.Google ScholarLongnecker, J. G.: 1985, ‘Management Priorities and Management Ethics’,Journal of Business Ethics4, 65–70.Google ScholarLyons, N. P.: 1985, ‘Two Perspectives: On Self, Relationships, and Morality’,Harvard Educational Review53(2), 125–145.Google ScholarMcGraw, K. M. and J. Bloomfield: 1987, ‘Social Influence on Group Moral Decisions: The Interactive Effects of Moral Reasoning and Sex Role Orientation’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology53(6), 1080–1087.Google ScholarRest, J. R.: 1979,Development in Judging Moral Issues(University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis).Google ScholarRest, J. R.: 1983, ‘Morality’, in P. Musson (Gen. ed.),Manual of Child Psychology, Vol. III.: Cognitive Development, Flavell and E. Markman (eds.) (Wiley, New York), pp. 556–629.Google ScholarRest, J. R.: 1984, ‘The Major Components of Morality’, in W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gerwitz (eds.),Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development(Wiley, New York).Google ScholarRest, J. R., R. Barnett, M. Bebeau, D. Deemer, I. Getz, Y. Moon, J. Speickelmeir, S. Thoma and J. Volker: 1986,Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory(Praeger Press, New York).Google ScholarRim, Y.: 1982, ‘Self-Monitoring, Ethical Position, Personality, Values, and Cognitive Performance’,Personality and Individual Differences3, 219–220.Google ScholarSampson, E. E.: 1987, ‘Personality and the Location of Identity’,Journal of Personality46, 552–568.Google ScholarSchein, E. H.: 1984, ‘Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture’,Sloan Management Review25(2), 3–16.Google ScholarSchlaefli, A., J. Rest and S. Thoma: 1985, ‘Does Moral Education Improve Moral Judgment: A Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies Using the Defining Issues Test’,Review of Educational Research55(3), 319–352.Google ScholarSchuler, R. S.: 1980, ‘Definition and Conceptualization of Stress in Organizations’,Organizational Behavior and Human Performance25, 1984–213.Google ScholarSnyder, M.: 1972, ‘Individual Differences and the Self-Control of Expressive Behavior. Phd Dissertation, Stanford University’,Dissertations Abstracts International33, 4533A-4534A.Google ScholarSnyder, M.: 1974, ‘Self-monitoring of Expressive Behavior’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology30, 426–537.Google ScholarSnyder, M.: 1979, ‘Self-monitoring Processes’, in L. Berkowitz (ed.),Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol 12 (Academic Press, New York).Google ScholarSnyder, M. and T. C. Monson: 1975, ‘Persons, Situations, and the Control of Social Behavior’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology32, 637–644.Google ScholarSnyder, M. and E. D. Tanke: 1976, ‘Behavior and Attitude: Some People are More Consistent Than Others’,Journal of Personality44, 501–517.Google ScholarSnyder, M. and S. Ganestad: 1982, ‘Choosing Social Situations: Two Investigations of Self-monitoring Processes’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology43, 123–135.Google ScholarSnyder, M. and S. Gangestad: 1986, ‘On the Nature of Self-monitoring: Matters of Assessment, Matters of Validity’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology51(1), 125–139.Google ScholarSypher, B. D. and H. H. Sypher: 1983, ‘Self-monitoring and Perceptions of Communication Ability in an Organizational Setting’,Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin9, 297–304.Google ScholarThoma, S. J.: 1986, ‘Estimating Gender Differences in the Comprehension and Preference of Moral Issues’,Developmental Review6, 165–180.Google ScholarToffler, B. L.: 1986,Tough Choices — Managers Talk Ethics(Wiley, New York).Google ScholarTrevino, L. K.: 1986, ‘Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model’,Academy of Management Review11(3), 601–617.Google ScholarVan Maanen, J. and E. H. Schein: 1979, ‘Toward a Theory of Organizational Socialization’,Research in Organizational Behavior1, 209–264.Google ScholarVictor, B. and J. B. Cullen: 1987, ‘A Theory and Measure of Ethical Climate in Organizations’, in W. C. Frederick (ed.),Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy(JAI Press, Greenwich, Conn.).Google ScholarVictor, B. and J. B. Cullen: 1988, ‘The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates’,Administrative Science Quarterly33(1), 101–125.Google ScholarWaters, J. A., F. Bird and P. D. Chant: 1986, ‘Everyday Moral Issues Experienced by Managers’,Journal of Business Ethics5, 373–384.Google ScholarWeber, J.: 1990, ‘Managers' Moral Reasoning: Assessing Their Responses to Three Moral Dilemmas’,Human Relations43.Download references

Keywords

Economic Growth, Moral Reasoning

Enable JavaScript for citation tools and additional paper interactions.