Industry type, culture, mode of entry and perceptions of international marketing ethics problems: A cross-cultural comparison
Robert W. Armstrong, Jill Sweeney
Journal of Business Ethics · 1994 · Volume 13 · Issue 10
Abstract
The authors investigate the differences in ethical perceptions of Australian and Hong Kong international managers. Ethical perceptions are measured with respect to different industry types, cultures and modes of entry into international markets. Mode of entry refers to how firms select to enter foreign markets. Modes of entry include: exporting (indirect or direct), contractual methods (licensing and franchising) and via direct foreign investment (joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries). It was determined that culture and mode of entry have a significant effect on the perception of ethical problems.
Keywords
Economic Growth, Marketing, Direct Foreign Investment, International Market, Foreign Investment
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