An empirical classification of error patterns in receiving Morse Code

Abstract

"A factor analysis of correlations among the most frequent substitution errors in receiving International Morse Code was performed. Four principal factors were identified: Dash Estimation, Dot Estimation, End-element Substitution, and Internal Error. These results differ somewhat from previous categories arrived at subjectively. The Dot Estimation factor was general to more different types of substitution errors and contributed to the most frequently occurring errors." (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)