Factors in the design of clock dials which affect speed and accuracy of reading in the 2400-hour time system

Abstract

Using 11 different designs of clock dials, 62 rated aviation personnel and 100 high school students were tested to determine which type of dial was most effective in reading time on the military 2400-hour time system. Several experimental designs were used. The results lead to the conclusion that a 24-hour dial, with minute and hourly numeral markings and with the 24-hour position at the bottom and the 60-minute position at the top of the dial is the most superior dial design in terms of efficiency, speed and accuracy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)