Inside-out cross-covariance for spatial multivariate data
Journal of the American Statistical Association · Mon
DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2026.2640644
Abstract
As the spatial features of multivariate data are increasingly central in researchers’ applied problems, there is a growing demand for novel spatially aware methods that are flexible, easily interpretable, and scalable to large data. We develop inside-out cross-covariance (IOX) models for multivariate spatial likelihood-based inference. IOX leads to valid cross-covariance matrix functions which we interpret as inducing spatial dependence on independent replicates of a correlated random vector. The resulting sample cross-covariance matrices are “inside-out” relative to the ubiquitous linear model of coregionalization (LMC). However, unlike LMCs, our methods offer direct marginal inference, easy prior elicitation of covariance parameters, the ability to model outcomes with unequal smoothness, and flexible dimension reduction. As a covariance model for a q -variate Gaussian process, IOX leads to scalable models for noisy vector data as well as flexible latent models. For large n cases, IOX complements Vecchia approximations and related process-based methods relying on sparse graphical models. We demonstrate competitive performance of IOX on synthetic datasets as well as on colorectal cancer proteomics data. An R package implementing the proposed methods is available at github.com/mkln/spiox.
Keywords
Gaussian process, cokriging, dimension reduction, coregionalization, Bayesian hierarchical models
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