NFL ghosts: A framework for evaluating defender positioning with conditional density estimation
Ronald Yurko, Quang Nguyen, Konstantinos Pelechrinis
The Annals of Applied Statistics · 2026 · Volume 20 · Issue 1
Abstract
Player attribution in American football remains an open problem due to the complex nature of 22 players interacting on the field, but the granularity of player tracking data provides ample opportunity for novel approaches. In this work we introduce the first public framework to evaluate spatial and trajectory tracking data of players relative to a baseline distribution of “ghost” defenders. We demonstrate our framework in the context of modeling the nearest defender positioning at the moment of catch. In particular, we provide estimates of how much better or worse their observed positioning and trajectory compared to the expected play value of ghost defenders. Our framework leverages multidimensional tracking data features through flexible random forests for conditional density estimation in two ways: (1) to model the distribution of receiver yards gained enabling the estimation of within-play expected value and (2) to model the 2D spatial distribution of baseline ghost defenders. We present novel metrics for measuring player and team performance based on tracking data, and discuss challenges that remain in extending our framework to other aspects of American football.
Keywords
American football; High-dimensional data; player tracking data; random forests;
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