RETRACTED: Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety

Abstract

A committee at the journal has investigated the matter and requested the raw data and materials from all studies. The authors did not provide the raw data and materials for Studies1a, 1b, or 2, but earlier versions of the data for Studies 3-4 were submitted. The journal contacted the office of research integrity at University of Pennsylvania and Harvard Business School for the raw data. Neither office provided the raw data. Therefore, the journal could not investigate Studies 1a, 1b, or 2 any further. For Studies 3 and 4, the journal was able to compare the posted data (from 2017) to the earlier versions that were provided by the authors. The details of data collection for each study, and the concerns that were identified, are below. Given these concerns, particularly anomalies with the data in Study 1b, the retraction committee at the journal recommended the retraction of the article.